Loneliness-Centered Emotional Modifications
- Denial and concealment

Behavioral Modifications in Interpersonal Contexts 
- Social conformity
- Social withdrawal

Behavioral Modifications in Intrapersonal Contexts
- Substance use
- Sleep 
- Comfort eating

Subtypes of Avoidance in Loneliness Coping

Change Physical Environment
- Going outside the home (nature vs. non-nature)

Change Social Surroundings
- Seeking community
- Seeking fast relationships
- Connecting on social media
- Relinquish online interactions 
- Offline social interaction

Subtypes of Seeking Connection in Loneliness Coping

Self-Oriented 

- Sense of Control 
- Acceptance
- Positive Thinking

Other-Oriented/Comparison-Oriented

- Downward Comparison
- Perspective-Taking

Understanding-Oriented

- Reflection
- Loneliness is a non-permanent state

Subtypes of Cognitive Strategies in Loneliness Coping

- Seeking Connection
- Avoidance
- Support-seeking
- Cognitive Strategies
- Meaning-focused
- Distraction

New York University

Coping refers to the conscious, deliberate, and purposeful regulation of emotions, especially in situations perceived as threatening or stressful.

Coping

Tagomori, H., Fardghassemi, S., & Joffe, H. (2022). How young adults cope with loneliness: a study of London’s most deprived boroughs. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2021.2013263

How Young Adults Cope with Loneliness: A Study of London’s Most Deprived Boroughs (Tagomori et al., 2022)

- Accommodation
- Support-seeking
- Social Isolation
- Self-reliance
- Problem-solving
- Helplessness
- Escape
- Opposition
- Submission

Categorization of Loneliness Coping Strategies Among University Students

- Meaning-making coping model
- Emotion-focused coping
- Problem-focused coping 
- Transactional model of stress and coping 
- Dual process model of loss 


Coping Models/Strategies

- Preventive Coping: coping with events far in the future such as age related milestones or expected functional losses
- Proactive Coping: coping that focuses on reducing the impact of events likely to occur - they are temporally removed from the stressor
- Anticipatory Coping: problem solving based methods that happen farther along the chain of coping when an event is imminent 
- Post - Impact Coping: can either be short term or long term; problem focused coping to resolve immediate impacts and cognitive coping to equip an individual for residual effects 

Temporal Aspects of Coping 

Coping flexibility is an individual's ability to cope in different ways, and change their method of coping (E.g. Reframing), towards various stimuli.

Coping Flexibility 

Maladaptive coping includes attack self, attack other, withdrawal, and avoidance. Adaptive coping focuses on restoring relationships. 

Coping with Shame

- Having a negative, past-oriented approach to coping can cause a person to be stuck 
- A positive, future-oriented approach gives an individual hope and shows them there are opportunities in the future that will improve their quality of life
- This positive approach has been linked to increased psychosocial outcomes in psychological and social QOL, perceived well-being, life satisfaction, and negatively linked to depression and anxiety

Coping and Adversity

Researchers have agreed that there are unhealthy and healthy ways of managing stress.

Ways of Coping with Stress

Ultimately, it is the individual's response to the high risk situation that affects whether or not they will relapse. For example, a person who uses effective coping skills, such as leaving the situation or positive self talk, is less likely to relapse than someone who does not use effective coping skills. A person who has coped successfully with a high-risk situation will experience a greater sense of self-efficacy, thereby decreasing their chance of relapse in the future.

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