Post-warnings include differing levels of specificity concerning the possibility or presence of misleading details in the information previously presented.

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Specificity 

Post-warnings may include the reasoning behind the presence of the post-event misinformation manipulation in a study.

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Enlightenment

Post-warnings may include an attempt to discredit the source of the post-event information, creating an implicit warning of possible misleading information. 

Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Social Discrediting of the Misinformation Source

The specificity and social discrediting dimensions of post-warnings were found to be less effective than the enlightenment post-warning. The enlightenment post-warning was found to remove the misinformation effect entirely. 

Dimensions of Misinformation Effect Post-warnings: Effectiveness

- Specificity
- Enlightenment
- Social Discrediting of the Misinformation Source

Ohio State University, Columbus

An intervention to the misinformation effect consisting of the addition of a warning after the presentation of misleading information. Post-warnings intend to encourage less reliance on information presented after an event.

Misinformation Effect Interventions: Post-warnings

Blank, H., & Launay, C. (2014). How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3(2), 77–88. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.ohio-state.edu/10.1037/h0101798.supp (Supplemental)

How to protect eyewitness memory against the misinformation effect: A meta-analysis of post-warning studies

Post-warnings were found to be influential against the misinformation effect. Post-warnings decreased the size of the misinformation effect by 33-50%.

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