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Gender Studies References

- Women's studies
- Queer studies (formerly gay and lesbian studies)
- Men’s studies

Fields within Gender Studies

Gender studies is an interdisciplinary field that explores how all gender identities are developed and how they affect people’s experiences in society.

Georgetown University

- Art
- Religion
- Philosophy
- Literature
- History
- Archaeology
- Anthropology
- Languages
- Classics
- Gender Studies
- Disability Studies
- Digital Humanities

Humanities Disciplines 

- anthropology 
- behavioral sciences
- economics
- human geography
- linguistics
- sociology
- media studies
- musicology
- political science
- psychology
- gender studies

Disciplines in Social science

Gender can be defined as socially constructed characteristics of women, men, people outside the expected binary. Some examples being norms, roles and relationships among and between groups of women and men.



Gender is a nonexplanitory measure, meaning gender can not be counted as the cause of a difference in population statistics. Learned behaviors or differences in physicality, among other things, can be counted as explanitory information.

Gender

Zaborskis, M. (2018, November 29). Gender Studies: Foundations and Key Concepts. JSTOR Daily. Retrieved September 20, 2021, from https://daily.jstor.org/reading-list-gender-studies/.

Gender Studies: Foundations and Key Concepts

History is the study and interpretation of a series of facts about the past and why certain events happened. 

History

Religions are collections of beliefs, practices, and meaningful places/items/people that provide an understanding of the supernatural, spirituality, and transcendence. 

Religion

The study of human behavior, societies, and cultures throughout history (including the present). Anthropology, in broad terms, studies methods to describe and explain the similarities and differences in biology and culture of all humanity in all times and places. 

Anthropology

An investigation into fundamental and often general questions concerning humanity, knowledge, reality, and existence.

Philosophy

Literature most broadly is all written work in addition to “oral literature”. 

Literature

Disability Studies is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines the consequences and implications of disability as well as various issues that impact the disability community.

Disability Studies

Digital Humanities is an area that interacts with computing or digital technologies and the disciplines of the humanities.

Digital Humanities

Language is a formal system of communication that is structured by a set of rules, known as grammar, and utilizes a vocabulary of words, referred to as a lexicon.

Language

Study and analysis of multi-level government operations, along with their societal impacts.

Political Science

The study of language. Topics include language form, meaning, context and social, cultural and historical influences.

Linguistics

The study of societal behavior, structures, development, functions, and issues. 

Sociology

A system composed of many distributed elements whose aggregate properties cannot be predicted by observing the behavior of an element. Furthermore, the observable manifestations or 'forms' of a complex system may only represent superficial aspects, with its true 'essence' or fundamental nature remaining hidden or less apparent beneath the surface.

Complex Systems

Environmental Studies is a multidisciplinary study that incorporates concepts from the physical sciences, economics/commerce, the humanities, and social sciences.  It studies the environment and the human impact on the environment.  

Environmental Studies

Law is a piece of legislation created by government or society to enforce a desired behavior or prohibit an undesired action. These rules govern the individuals that are citizens of that society or government or determine the actions taken by that body.

Studies the range of human sexual behavior and sexuality. 

Sexology

Economics is the academic discipline that examines the interactions among people and between people and their natural surroundings in the context of producing and securing their means of subsistence. The field also investigates the evolution of these interactions through time and their variations among different societies.

Economics

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.

Psychology

Social science disciplines focused on the study of human and animal behaviors through their interactions with the world at large. The four predominant disciplines within the behavioral sciences are:
* Anthropology
* Economics
* Psychology
* Sociology

Behavioral Sciences

The social construction of gender refers to how meanings of gender are created through social interactions and norms. 
- Gender is not innate and is subject to change:
 - Pink used to be a "boy" color and blue was a "girl" color; now pink is considered a "girl" color and blue a "boy" color
 - What is considered gender appropriate is determined collectively
 
Candace West and Don Zimmerman developed this idea that we "do" gender, instead of it being something that we are. They claim this by saying that we "do" gender knowing that we will be judged by others and held accountable for our gender performances. 

The Social Construction of Gender

This refers to the way that different social relations are linked together, examples of these types of social relations are race, gender, class, ability, sexuality, geography, etc. 
- Femininity intersects with ethnicity, religion and nationality:
- Filipino immigrants tend to think of American girls as uncaring and promiscuous, while holding the belief that Filipina girls were sexually modest and dedicated to their families
- This shows that girls are expected to maintain both gender norms and ethnocultural norms

Due to the connection between social relations one cannot look at something like gender and ignore race or ethnicity. 

Intersectional Perspective on Gender

- Institutional Inequality
- Gender and Violence

Gender Inequality

Much of the research has been conducted on binary gender identifying participants. The data has problems with inconsistent results, but it appears that men have greater risk for procrastinating in academic life. 

- men are more likely than women to procrastinate
- women show higher levels of academic performance, correlated with less procrastination
- men's procrastination adversely impacts their performance and satisfaction

Gender differences with procrastination

Through Vipassana Meditation females, especially non-buddhists, reported experiencing reactions to gender discrimination as well as  increased femininity, despite VM being a non-gendered practice.

Vipassana Meditation and Gender

Men and women are at differential risk for mental illnesses. Different forms of response/adaptation could predispose men and women to different illnesses and health problems, such as psychophysiological differences between men and women in context of stress




Gender, Stress, and Health

Individuals who experience Gender Dysphoria and feel that their gender identity is incongruent with their sex assigned at birth experience psychological distress due deviation from the societal norm, and Compassion-based Art Therapy combined with mindfulness can help build self-compassion and greater resilience

Mindfulness-Based Art Therapy for Gender- Variant Individuals

Wolf et. al argue that core cultural values moderate gender stereotypes, particularly that stereotypes of men align more closely with this values than those of women. Essentially, key values in a particular culture are more often ascribed to men when compared to cultures that don't share the same values. Thus, stereotypes for men and women vary across cultures in being culturally mediated rather than universal. 

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