Carbohydrates are macromolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the ratio C:2H:0.  

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that are composed of subunits called nucleotides.  They are responsible for the transfer of genetic information from an organism's genome and turning it into proteins.  Nucleic acids exist in two forms:

- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- ribonucleicacid (RNA)

Nucleic acids are built using nitrogen, and thus need a nitrogen source to undergo nitrogen fixation

Nucleic Acids

Lipids are a broad, chemically diverse class of molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen, but which can also contain oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus. They perform a variety of biological functions, serving as nutrients, carbon and energy storage molecules, and structural components of hormones and cellular membranes.

Lipids

Proteins are macromolecules composed of amino acid subunits. When a large number of amino acids link together, or when multiple polypeptides assemble, they form proteins of various sizes. These molecules serve many vital biological functions, acting as structural components of cells and subcellular entities, as nutrient sources, as storage reservoirs for atoms and energy, and as functional agents such as enzymes, receptors, transport molecules, and hormones.

Proteins

There are many types of macromolecules such as: 

- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids

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Biochemistry is the scientific discipline that studies the chemistry of life processes, with the primary objective of explaining biological form and function through chemical principles.

Biochemistry

- Atom
- Molecule
- Macromolecule
- Cell
- Tissue
- Organ
- Organ system
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biosphere / Ecosphere

Traditional Biological Organisation Scheme

Molecule 

https://openstax.org/details/books/microbiology/

Microbiology covers the scope and sequence requirements for a single-semester microbiology course for non-majors. The book presents the core concepts of microbiology with a focus on applications for careers in allied health. The pedagogical features of the text make the material interesting and accessible while maintaining the career-application focus and scientific rigor inherent in the subject matter. Microbiology’s art program enhances students’ understanding of concepts through clear and effective illustrations, diagrams, and photographs.

Microbiology is produced through a collaborative publishing agreement between OpenStax and the American Society for Microbiology Press. The book aligns with the curriculum guidelines of the American Society for Microbiology.

OpenStax Microbiology Textbook

COVALENT BONDS
- Covalent bonds - formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to fill their valence shell
- Bonding valence electrons are attracted by both nuclei in the bond.
- Bond length depends on the nature of the atoms bonded and the number of electrons participating in the bond.
- Carbon-carbon double bonds are generally longer and have less bond energy than do carbon-carbon triple bonds.
- Atoms are held together by these
- Strength and bond length depends on:
Nature of atoms bonded
Number of e- pairs shared
- Greater number of pairs, greater bond energy, lower bond length

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
- Non-covalent interactions
- Electrostatic interactions
- Ionic interactions
- Non-ionic interactions (electrically neutral)
- Fixed dipole-dipole
- Hydrogen bonds, electronegative
- Fixed dipole-induced dipole
- Induced dipole- induced dipole (london dispersion forces, van der Waals Forces)


Covalent Bonds and Intermolecular Forces

Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 4th Edition

Biochemistry references by text book

Is an organic molecule that  is found within living organisms they are the building blocks of life and contain chemicals that are composed of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Biomolecule

Inorganic compounds are simple, small molecules in living organisms that do not contain carbon and make up about 1% to 1.5% of a cell's dry weight. They perform key biological functions but do not form cell structures. Carbon oxides and carbonates are exceptions that contain carbon but are classified as inorganic because they do not contain hydrogen.

Inorganic Compounds

This classification organizes academic papers, educational resources, and references related to biochemistry by their publishing journal or source platform, such as the European Journal of Cell Biology, Molecular Cell, and PLOS ONE.

Biochemistry References by Journal

The smallest piece of a chemical element or ordinary matter

Atom

The cell is the fundamental unit of life. While cells vary significantly in size, shape, structure, and function—categorized primarily into prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells—they all share a few fundamental components at their simplest level of construction. The internal structures of a cell are analogous to the organs inside a human body, with unique components suited to specific functions.

Cell

Tissue

A group of tissues with a similar function

Organ

A group of organs that work together to execute one or more functions.

Organ system

Any living thing that functions as a singular entity

Organism 

A group of organisms that are (1) the same species (2) in a shared geographical area, and (3) able to interbreed

Population (Biology)

Groups of populations of different species that interact with each other.

Community (Biology)

An ecosystem describes the interactions between groups of organisms from all biological domains and nonliving things in a shared geographical space.

Ecosystem

All life on Earth (the sum of all ecosystems on earth)

Biosphere / Ecosphere

Molecular and cellular biology studies the molecular structures and cellular processes that underlie the function, reproduction, and development of living organisms.

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