The researchers characterized each minute of instructor talk into a category rather than each individual statement leading to possible underestimates of the topic distribution.

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Limitations of the study include:
- 1-minute interval methodology
- Nature of sample
- Ethical dilemma

Making a First Impression: Exploring What Instructors Do and Say on the First Day of Introductory STEM Courses - Limitations

Lane, A. K., Meaders, C. L., Shuman, J. K., Stetzer, M. R., Vinson, E. L., Couch, B. A., Smith, M. K., & Stains, M. (2021). Making a First Impression: Exploring What Instructors Do and Say on the First Day of Introductory STEM Courses. CBE life sciences education, 20(1), ar7. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.20-05-0098 

Making a First Impression: Exploring What Instructors Do and Say on the First Day of Introductory STEM Courses

Due to variation in class size, length, and the distribution of STEM courses, comparisons across STEM disciplines was not possible.

Making a First Impression: Exploring What Instructors Do and Say on the First Day of Introductory STEM Courses - Nature of sample

All participants in the study volunteered and thus were aware of their course being filmed which could possibly elicit the Hawthorne effect.

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