Howlett, J. R., Nelson, L. D., & Stein, M. B. (2022). Mental Health Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury. Biological psychiatry, 91(5), 413–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.024 

References for Mental Heath Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury

California Baptist University

Traumatic Brain Injury, commonly referred to as a TBI for short, is caused by a forceful blow to the head or neck area

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

Physical Symptoms 
- Headaches
- Nausea and vomiting
- Slurred speech
- Blurred or double vision
- Light-headedness
- Light or sound sensitivity
- Dizziness or vertigo
Cognitive Symptoms
- Loss of consciousness
- Confusion
- Difficulty remembering or concentrating

Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2021, June 2). The association of post-concussion and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms with health-related quality of life, health care use and return-to-work after mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of clinical medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8199686/ 

The Association of Post-Concussion and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms with Health-Related Quality of Life 

- Post Concussion Syndrome (PCS)
- PTSD
- Depression and anxiety
- Sleep disorders

Traumatic Brain Injury Mental Effects

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (2012, November). Traumatic brain injury and sleep disorders. Neurologic clinics. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482689/ 

Traumatic Brain Injury and Sleep Disorders

- Sports Injury
- Motor Vehicle Accident
- Fall 

Common Causes of TBI

Getting medical attention after receiving a blow to the head or neck area is extremely important. It is important to get a baseline of where the patient is at initially after the hit to know how the patient is progressing. Aside from the initial tests and questioning it is key that the patient undergo a CT scan to look for a possible brain bleed or other irregularities.

Even if the injury seems minor it is always necessary to be check out by a medical professional to document. It is important to know potential causes of certain diseases later in life such as Dementia, Alzheimer's, or CTE. Adding on to that, being evaluated by a doctor is crucial to be protected in the future. If the patient sustains a second blow to the head before the first fully heals the patient can develop "Second Impact Syndrome" which can be deadly

Importance of Receiving Medical Attention After a Head Injury

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Concussions and how a neuropsychologist helps. American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/topics/neuropsychology/concussions 

Concussions and how a Neuropsychologist Helps

References for TBI

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is linked to psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems. There has been a focus on the cognitive, affective, and behavioral effects of severe TBI, which are considered to be more harmful than physical effects. Moderate and severe TBI have been found to cause personality changes, including impulsivity, severe irritability, affective instability, and apathy. On the other hand, mild TBI has a range of affective symptoms, including suicide, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and major depressive disorder. Head impacts, now more common in sports, have emotional and behavioral effects. The article discusses the epidemiology of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems after TBI in military, civilian, and athletic contexts. 

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