The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 established an independent public company accounting board to oversee audits of public companies, required one audit committee member to be a finance expert, required full disclosure to stockholders of complex financial transactions, and required CEOs and CFOs to certify in writing the validity of their companies' financial statements. Knowingly certifying false statements can lead to 20 years in prison and a \$5 million fine, and accounting firms are prohibited from offering other services such as consulting while performing audits.

Sarbanes-Oxley Provisions for Audit Reform and Executive Certification

The federal Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 set a new baseline of accountability for CEOs and CFOs. Following the Enron scandal and other corporate scandals, the law placed constraints and punitive measures on CEOs and CFOs who knowingly and willingly committed fraud and other crimes.

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Compliance is related to influencing behavior so that people act in accordance with the law or face consequences, a "stick" approach to behavior.

Compliance as a Stick Approach in Corporate Culture

OpenStax Principles of Management. Source pages used for organizational culture, corporate culture, and management topics. https://openstax.org/books/principles-management

Principles of Management - OpenStax

Widespread corporate scandals led the U.S. Congress to implement legal and compliance standards intended to curb and discourage illegal activities in corporations.

Corporate Scandals as Impetus for U.S. Compliance Legislation

Self-regulation continues to play a major role in corporations "doing the right thing," while compliance has proven necessary but not always sufficient for corporate governance.

Compliance as Necessary but Not Sufficient for Corporate Governance

Maintaining an ethical corporate culture requires both a values-based approach and a compliance approach. Studies show that ethical and compliance approaches are interrelated and work best together to motivate and sustain lawful and ethical behavior in organizations.

Dual Necessity of Ethics and Compliance for an Ethical Corporate Culture

Ethics complements compliance because the law cannot, does not, and will not cover every aspect of potentially harmful behavior.

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