When someone unconsciously copies someone else's work, often claiming they were the originators. Often seen in the music industry when artists use melodies they once heard but weren’t not consciously aware of. Also common in research communities researchers forget that they heard the idea from a peer and begin working on it.

Cryptoamnesia

Where a memory came from can be mixed up (misidentified; misattributed). For example someone can remember hearing about an event from the news when they actually heard it from a friend.

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- Source-monitoring error (source misattribution)
- Pragmatic inferences
- Misinformation effect

Memory Errors and Impairment (seen in general population)

The process of trying to find the origins of a memory, belief, or knowledge. For example you may be trying to determine whether it was from a friend, a book, or news story.

Source monitoring

- Memory impairment 
- Biased responding
- Source misattribution
- Memory conversion processes

Misinformation Effect: Mechanisms

Wikipedia

Goldstein, E. B. (2014). Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience. Nelson Education.


Cognitive psychology: Connecting mind, research and everyday experience

When reconstructing memories, we sometimes modify our original memories based on what is expected. After reading a sentence, we often imply things that are not explicitly stated in the sentence.

Pragmatic inferences

Misleading information that is presented to someone after witnessing event can change how they recall and explain that event. One common explanation is retroactive interference (new learning interfering with old memory/understanding)

Misinformation  Effect Paradigm

Although source monitoring may help individuals to more accurately evaluate the credibility of information and the source it came from, source monitoring is unlikely to be an effective means for dispelling false beliefs. Recalling the source of information every time one accesses knowledge is cognitively inefficient and unlikely to be consistently practiced. Additionally, a person's judgment regarding the credibility of a source may be inaccurate.

Source monitoring as a method for combating false beliefs 

When an individual is shown fact-checked information that has been labeled false but later only recalls the misinformation, forgetting the origin of the information and that it had been labeled false. This deficit occurs more often in older adults.

Source Memory Deficit

The permanent or impermanent decreased ability to recall the information targeted by misinformation. 

Misinformation Effect: Memory Impairment

Responses that align with the misinformation to the detriment of reporting accurate event information.  

Misinformation Effect: Biased Responding

The substandard utilization of the original memory details related to the misinformation effect and an insufficient model of the memory task. 

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