Common arthropods that are vectors are:
- Mosquitoes
- Ticks
- Sandflies
- Black flies
- Tsetse flies
- Lice
- Fleas
- Aquatic snails
- Triatome bugs

Arthropods in Vector Borne Diseases

Vector borne pathogens allowed for easier and faster dissemination of emerging pathogens in 3 ways:
- it can be easily transmitted by blood-feeding arthropods
- it overcomes spatial, behavioral, and ecological barriers between animals and humans. Direct contact between host and reservoir is no longer needed
- complexity of vector transmission offers pathogens more opportunities to evolve and increase pathogenicity to humans

Contributions of Vector Borne Pathogens to Emerging Diseases

- Vector borne viral disease (Arboviruses) 
- Vector borne parasitic diseases
- Vector borne bacterial disease

Types of Vector Borne Diseases

Vector borne disease is a disease that is transmitted to humans, plants, and animals by any arthropod species. 

University of California, Davis

A vector is an organism which transmits infection by conveying the pathogen from one host to another without causing disease itself, may be part of the infectious process.

Vector

- Vector-Borne Diseases
- Arboviruses Causing Pregnancy Associated Infections
- Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Zoonotic Diseases

Categories of Infectious Diseases



An invertebrate animal having an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired joint appendages. Member of the Arthropoda phylum.

Arthropod

Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Microbial Threats. “Summary and Assessment.” Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 1 Jan. 1970, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK52939/.

Vector-Borne Diseases: Understanding the Environmental, Human Health, and Ecological Connections, Workshop Summary: Summary and Assessment

Vector competence defines the ability of a particular arthropod to transmit a given virus. For example, the overall mosquito barriers and antiviral responses toward pathogens would contribute to the mosquito's vector competence.

Vector Competence

Vectorial capacity describes the basic reproductive rate of a vector borne pathogen by a particular vector species or population. The formula below describes the total number of future infectious bites from mosquitos biting an individual infectious host on a single day.

Vectorial Capacity

Climate is a important factor that determines the rate of transmission of a disease. Changes in climate can lead to:
- Geographic shifts of vector and reservoirs
- Changes in rates of development, survival, reproduction of vectors, reservoirs, and pathogens

Such changes can lead to an increase in transmission and expansion of diseases in to other regions.


Climate and Vector Borne Diseases

When vectors represent examples from real-world datasets, their scalar elements correspond to specific features or quantities with real-world significance. For instance, a vector representing a medical patient might have components corresponding to vital signs and cholesterol levels, while a vector for a loan applicant might encode income and employment history.

Real-World Significance of Vectors

The individual scalar values that comprise a vector are referred to as its elements. In mathematical and computational contexts, these are also interchangeably called entries or components.

Element of a Vector

To prevent ambiguity, deep learning terminology makes a strict distinction between 'order' and 'dimensionality'. The 'order' of a tensor refers to its number of axes, whereas 'dimensionality' exclusively refers to the number of components or elements along a specific axis (e.g., a vector's length).

Tensor Order vs. Dimensionality

In mathematics and deep learning, vectors are typically distinguished from scalars through specific typographical conventions. A standard approach is to denote a vector using a bold lowercase letter, such as $$\mathbf{x}$$, $$\mathbf{y}$$, or $$\mathbf{z}$$, which visually differentiates it from an unbolded scalar variable like $$x$$.

Typographical Conventions for Vectors

To formally indicate that a vector $$\mathbf{x}$$ contains $$n$$ elements, it is written as $$\mathbf{x} \in \mathbb{R}^n$$. In this notation, $$n$$ defines the dimensionality of the vector, signifying that it belongs to the mathematical space of all $$n$$-dimensional vectors with real-valued components.

Dimensionality Notation for Real-Valued Vectors

A vector, denoted by a bold lowercase letter such as $$\mathbf{x}$$, can be defined by explicitly listing its elements. This component-wise representation is an ordered sequence of scalars, commonly written as $$\mathbf{x} = (x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n)$$, where $$n$$ represents the vector's dimensionality.

Component-wise Notation for a Vector

By default, vectors are visualized as column vectors, where their elements are stacked vertically. In formal mathematical notation, a vector $$\mathbf{x}$$ with elements $$x_1, \ldots, x_n$$ is represented as a column matrix enclosed in brackets:
$$ \mathbf{x} = \begin{bmatrix} x_{1} \\ \vdots \\ x_{n} \end{bmatrix} $$
This is in contrast to row vectors, whose elements are stacked horizontally.

Column Vector Representation

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) encompass a multitude of diseases including parasitic, viral and bacterial infections. NTDs differ from other tropical diseases, such as Malaria, because there is a significant absence of investment in active disease surveillance, lack of available healthcare services and a low involvement by local, state and federal public health agencies. NTDs disproportionately affect developing countries, where access to health care is poor. However, NTDs are also present in areas with high rates of poverty in the United States. NTDs can diminish quality of life and socioeconomic opportunities; as a result, these diseases reinforce the cycle of poverty among already disadvantaged populations.


Neglected Tropical Diseases

- Dengue
- Zika
- Japanese Encephalitis
- West Nile
- Rift Valley Fever
- Chikungunya
- Yellow Fever

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