Death statistics exaggeration 

Political conspiracies


New York University

Partisan Conspiracies

Non-partisan conspiracies 

Health misinformation

Disinfectant as cure or prevention

Types of Covid 19 Misinformation 


Enders, A. M., Uscinski, J. E., Klofstad, C., Stoler, J. (2020). The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences. The Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review, 1(8).

The different forms of COVID-19 misinformation and their consequences

The virus as disguise (to cover-up other conspiracies)

Conspiracies regarding the origin of the virus

The virus as bioweapon

Vaccine conspiracies/misinformation

Covid 19 Misinformation Type: Non-partisan Conspiracies 


Misinformation about cure

Misinformation about transmission

Misinformation about prevention


Covid 19 Misinformation Type: Health Misinformation


Different from other misinformation due to its low support and perceived validity. 


Covid 19 Misinformation Type: Disinfectant as Cure or Prevention


Those who are doubtful about scientists are most prone to subscribe to misinformation and conspiracies in health misinformation and misinformation about the disinfectant. 


Scientific Beliefs and Supporting Types of Misinformation


Those who are supporters of Donald Trump are most prone to subscribe to partisan conspiracies. They are also likely to subscribe to health misinformation to a lesser degree. 


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